Electrical Circuit Class 12 Physics | Notes

Kirchhoff’s laws:

Kirchhoff’s first law / Kirchhoff’s junction law / Kirchhoff’s current (KCL):

It states that, “The algebraic sum of all currents meeting at a junction point in an electrical circuit is zero.” i.e. $\sum{I=0}$

Electrical Circuit Class 12 Physics | Notes

Sign Convention

According to sign convention, current entering to the junction point is taken as positive and the current leaving through the junction point is taken as negative.

i.e. I1 and I2 are positive but I3, I4 and I5 are negative.

From Kirchhoff’s first law, we can write

$\sum{I=0}$

Or, I1 + I2 + (–I3) + (–I4) + (–I5) = 0

Or, I1 + I2 = I3 + I4+ I5

From above result, Kirchhoff’s first law also can be stated as “The sum of all currents entering to the junction point is equal to the sum of all currents leaving through the junction point”. This law is also known as current law or junction law.

The principle of Kirchhoff’s first law is ‘conservation of charge’.

Kirchhoff’s second law / Kirchhoff’s loop law / Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL):

It states that, “In any closed loop of electrical circuit, the algebraic sum of emf of all batteries is equal to the algebraic sum of product of current and resistance through which it flows.” 

i.e. $\sum{E=\sum{IR}}$

Sign convention

1. In any closed loop, if the direction of loop is from negative terminal to positive terminal of a battery, the emf is taken as positive and if the direction loop is from positive terminal to negative terminal, the emf is taken as negative.

2 In any closed loop, if the direction of loop is in the direction of flow of current, the product of current and resistance (IR) is taken as positive and if the direction of loop is in the direction opposite to the flow of current, the product of current and resistance is taken as negative. The principle of Kirchhoff’s second law is ‘conservation of energy’.

Explanation

C:\Users\user\Downloads\20210208_084726.jpg

Applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL) in closed loop ABCFA,

According to sign convention, E1 is positive but E2 is negative. Also, I1R1 and I1R2 are positive but I2R3 and I2R4 are negative.

Now we can write,

E1 – E2 = I1R1 + I1R2 – I2R3 – I2R4

Applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL) in closed loop CDEFC,

According to sign convention, E2 is positive, I2R3, I2R4 and (I1+I2)R5 all are Positive. Now, we can write,

E2 = I2R3 + I2R4 + (I1 +I2)R5

Wheatstone bridge:

It is an electrical circuit which is used to measure value of unknown resistance.

Principle: “A Wheatstone bridge works on the principle of null deflection.i.e.no current flows through the galvanometer.”

The balanced condition for Wheatstone bridge is

For, Ig = 0, $\frac{P}{Q}=\frac{X}{R}$

Construction:

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Fig: Wheatstone bridge

A Wheatstone bridge consists of four resistance P, Q, R and X placed in the form of quadrilateral ABCD as shown in figure above. The resistance ‘P’ and ‘Q’ are fixed value resistance. ‘R’ is variable resistance which is used to change the value of current and ‘X’ is unknown resistance whose value is to be determined. A sensitive galvanometer is connected in between ‘B’ and ‘D’ and the point ‘A’ and ‘C’ are connected with positive and negative terminal of a battery through a key shown in figure above.

Working

When key is closed, an amount of current ‘I’ starts to flow. From point A, the current ‘I’ gets divided into ‘I1‘ and ‘I2‘ and flows through resistance P and X respectively. Let ‘Ig‘ be the amount of current flowing through galvanometer (B to D). Then (I1 – Ig) and (I2 + Ig) be the amount of current flow through resistance Q and R respectively.

On applying Kirchhoff’s 2nd law in closed loop ABDA,

I1P + IgG – I2X = 0 …(i)

On applying Kirchhoff’s 2nd law in closed loop BCDB,

(I1 – Ig)Q – (I2 + Ig)R – IgG = 0 …….(ii)

Wheatstone bridge works on the principle of null deflection i.e. no amount of current flows through the galvanometer. i.e. Ig = 0

Now, equation (i) and (ii) become,

I1P – I2X = 0 

Or, I1P = I2X …(iii)

and, I1Q – I2R = 0

Or, I1Q = I2R ….(iv)

Dividing equation (iii) by (iv), we get

$\frac{{{I}_{1}}P}{{{I}_{1}}Q}=\frac{{{I}_{2}}X}{{{I}_{2}}R}$

Or, $\frac{P}{Q}=\frac{X}{R}$ This is the balanced condition of Wheatstone Bridge.

Also, $X=\frac{P}{Q}R$

Now, knowing the values of P, Q and R,  the value of X can be determined.

Meter bridge:

It is an electrical circuit which is used to measure the value of unknown resistance. The wire used in this instrument is exactly one-meter that’s why it’s name is Meter Bridge.

Principle

A meter bridge works upon the principle of balanced condition of Wheatstone bridge i.e. no amount of current flows through the galvanometer. The balanced condition of Wheatstone bridge is

$\frac{P}{Q}=\frac{X}{R}$ ………………..(i)

Construction


C:\Users\user\Downloads\20210208_084331.jpg

Fig: Determination of unknown resistance using meter bridge

A meter bridge consists of a uniform wire AC of length one meter (100cm) made up of manganin or constantan having high melting point and low value of temperature coefficient. The wire AC is stretched between two points on a wooden board provided with two L-shaped copper stripe. Another copper stripe is fitted between two L-shaped copper stripe providing with two gaps. A variable resistance ‘R’ is placed in right gap and unknown resistance ‘X’ is placed in left gap whose value is to be determined. One end of a sensitive galvanometer is connected at a point ‘D’ and another end of galvanometer is connected with a jockey which can freely slide on the wire of meter bridge. The end ‘A’ is connected with positive terminal and ‘C’ is connected with negative terminal of a battery through a key (K). A meter scale is placed parallel to the length of wire. 

Working

When key is closed, an amount of current starts to flow. When the Jockey is placed in contact with wire AC, the galvanometer shows deflection. On sliding the Jockey on the wire AC, suppose at any point B at a distance l from A, the galvanometer shows null deflection. Let AB = l cm and BC =(100 – l) cm.

Let resistance of a wire from A to B is P and from B to C is Q.

Since, we know that resistance of uniform wire is directly proportional to length,

i.e. P $\propto $ l

Or, P = Kl……….(ii)

And, Q $\propto $ (100-l)

Or, Q = K (100-l)……(iiii)

Dividing equation (ii) by (iii) we get,

$\frac{P}{Q}=\frac{l}{(100-l)}$

From equation (i),

$\frac{X}{R}=\frac{l}{(100-l)}$

$X=\frac{l}{(100-l)}R$

This is the required expression to determine the value of unknown resistance.

Potentiometer:

It is an electrical instrument which is used to measure emf of a cell, to compare emf of two cells and to determine internal resistance of a cell.

Construction:

Electrical Circuit Class 12 Physics | Notes

Potentiometer consists of a uniform wire AB of length about 10m made up of constantan or manganin fixed on a wooden board. The end ‘A’ is connected with positive terminal and ‘B’ is connected with negative terminal of driver cell through a key, an ammeter and a variable resistance (Rheostat, Rh) as shown in figure above. The driver cell (accumulator) is used to supply constant amount of current and variable resistance is used to change the value of current. A meter scale is placed parallel to the length of wire.

Principle

The potentiometer works upon the principle that “The potential drop across any portion of the potentiometer wire is directly proportional to the length of that portion. i.e.

V$\propto $l

Or, V = kl

i.e. potential gradient $\frac{V}{l}$= constant.

Explanation:

Let ‘a’ be the area of cross section of potentiometer wire and its resistivity is $\rho $. Let us take a portion of the potentiometer wire of length ‘l’. Now resistance of that portion is

R = $\rho \frac{l}{a}$

When key is closed and amount of current ‘I’ starts to flow through the potentiometer wire. Now, the potential dropped across the portion of length ‘l’ of resistance R is 

V = IR

or, V = I $\times $ $\rho \frac{l}{a}$

or, V = k $\times $ l (where k = $\rho \frac{I}{a}$ are constant)

$\therefore $ V $\propto $ l 

Applications of potentiometer:

1. Comparison of emf of two cells using potentiometer:


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Fig: Comparison of emf of two cell using potentiometer

Let us consider a potentiometer of uniform wire AB of length about 10m. The end A of the wire is connected with positive terminal and end B is connected with negative terminal of driver cell through an ammeter, a key and a variable resistance (Rheostat, Rh) as shown in figure above. Let us consider two cell of emf E1 and E2, in which the value of E1is known but E2 is to be determined. Now, positive terminals of cell E1 and E2 are connected with a point A and negative terminals are connected with two-way key as shown in figure. One end of sensitive galvanometer is connected with two-way key and another end is connected with jockey which can freely slide on the wire of potentiometer.

When key K1 is closed and K2 is opened, on doing so the circuit will be open for cell E2. On sliding the jockey on the potentiometer wire, let at any point C at distance l1 from A, the galvanometer shows null deflection. Let VAC be the potential across AC.

Then for Ig = 0 we can write,

E1 = VAC…………(i)

According to the principle of potentiometer, we can write,

VAC $\propto $ l1 

Or, VAC = Kl1

Or, E1 = Kl1 ……….(ii)

Similarly, when key K2 is closed and K1 is opened, on doing so the circuit will be open for cell E1. On sliding the jockey on the potentiometer wire, let at any point D at distance ‘l2‘ from A, the galvanometer shows null deflection. Let VAD be the potential across AD.

Then for Ig = 0 we can write,

E2 = VAD…………(iii)

From the principle of potentiometer, we can write,

VAD $\propto $ l2 

Or, VAD = Kl2

Or, E2 = Kl2 ……….(iv)

Dividing equation (ii) & (iv) we get,

$\frac{{{E}_{1}}}{{{E}_{2}}}=\frac{{{l}_{1}}}{{{l}_{2}}}$

This is the required expression for comparison of emf of two cells using potentiometer.

2. Determination of internal resistance of a cell using potentiometer:

Let us consider a potentiometer of uniform wire AB of length about 10m. The end A of the wire is connected with positive terminal and end B is connected with negative terminal of driver cell through an ammeter, a key and a variable resistance (Rheostat, Rh) as shown in figure above. 

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Fig: Determination of internal resistance of a cell using potentiometer

Let us consider an experimental cell of emf ‘E’ has an internal resistance ‘r’. This value of internal resistance ‘r’ is to be determined and also let us take a known value of resistance R (using resistance box R.B.). The positive terminal of the cell and one end of ‘R’ are connected with point ‘A’ and negative terminal of cell and another end of ‘R’ are connected with one end of sensitive galvanometer through two way key K1 and K2 respectively. The other end of galvanometer is connected with a jockey which can freely slide on the wire of potentiometer. 

When key K1 is closed and K2 is opened, on doing so the circuit will be open for R. On sliding the jockey on the potentiometer wire, let at any point C at distance ‘l1‘ from A, the galvanometer shows null deflection. Let VAC be the potential across AC.

Then for Ig = 0 we can write,

E = VAC…………(i)

According to the principle of potentiometer, we can write,

VAC $\propto $ l1 

Or, VAC = Kl1

Or, E = Kl1 ……….(ii)

Similarly, when key K1 and K2 both are closed then on sliding the jockey on the potentiometer wire, let at any point D at distance l2 from A, the galvanometer shows null deflection. Let VAD be the potential across AD.

Then Ig = 0 but in this case, an amount of current I flows through the external resistance R and let V ve the potential difference across the resistor R then we can write,

V = VAD…………(iii)

From the principle of potentiometer, we can write,

VAD $\propto $ l2 

Or, VAD = Kl2

Or, V = Kl2 ……….(iv)

Dividing equation (ii) by (iv) we get,

$\frac{E}{V}=\frac{{{l}_{1}}}{{{l}_{2}}}$

Using circuit i.e. E = I (R+r), above equation becomes

or, $\frac{I\left( R+r \right)}{IR}$ = $\frac{{{l}_{1}}}{{{l}_{2}}}$

or, $\frac{R}{R}+\frac{r}{R}$ = $\frac{{{l}_{1}}}{{{l}_{2}}}$

or, 1 +$\frac{r}{R}$ = $\frac{{{l}_{1}}}{{{l}_{2}}}$

or, $\frac{r}{R}$ = $\frac{{{l}_{1}}}{{{l}_{2}}}$ – 1

$\therefore $ r = $\left( \frac{{{l}_{1}}-{{l}_{2}}}{{{l}_{2}}} \right)R$

This is the required expression for determination of internal resistance using potentiometer.

Now, knowing the values of l1, l2 and R, the value of ‘r’ can be determined.

3. Determination (measurement) of emf of a cell using potentiometer:

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Fig: Determination of emf of a cell using potentiometer

Let us consider a potentiometer uniform wire AB of length about 10m. The end A of the wire is connected with positive terminal and end B is connected with negative terminal of driver cell through an ammeter, a key and a variable resistance (Rheostat, Rh) as shown in figure above. Let us consider two cell of emf E1 (unknown and to be determined) and E2 (known)  , in which the value of E1is known but E2 is to be determined. Now, positive terminals of cell E1 and E2 are connected with a point A and negative terminals are connected with two-way key as shown in figure. One end of sensitive galvanometer is connected with two-way key and another end is connected with jockey which can freely slide on the wire of potentiometer.

When key K1 is closed and K2 is opened, on doing so the circuit will be open for cell E2. On sliding the jockey on the potentiometer wire, let at any point C at distance l1 from A, the galvanometer shows null deflection. Let VAC be the potential across AC.

Then for Ig = 0 we can write,

E1 = VAC…………(i)

According to the principle of potentiometer, we can write,

VAC $\propto $ l1 

Or, VAC = Kl1

Or, E1 = Kl1 ……….(ii)

Similarly, when key K2 is closed and K1 is opened, on doing so the circuit will be open for cell E1. On sliding the jockey on the potentiometer wire, let at any point D at distance l2 from A, the galvanometer shows null deflection. Let VAD be the potential across AD.

Then for Ig = 0 we can write,

E2 = VAD…………(iii)

From the principle of potentiometer, we can write,

VAD $\propto $ l2 

Or, VAD = Kl2

Or, E2 = Kl2 ……….(iv)

Dividing equation (ii) & (iv) we get,

$\frac{{{E}_{1}}}{{{E}_{2}}}=\frac{{{l}_{1}}}{{{l}_{2}}}$

E1 = $\frac{{{l}_{1}}}{{{l}_{2}}}\times {{E}_{2}}$

Knowing the values of l1, l2 and E1, the value of E2 can be determined.

Galvanometer:

It is an electrical instrument which is used to detect the flow of current in the circuit. It also gives the direction of current and measures a small amount of current and potential difference. The resistance of the galvanometer is low. It’s symbol is   Electrical Circuit Class 12 Physics | Notes

Ammeter:

An ammeter is an electrical instrument used to measure the current passing through it. The resistance of the ammeter is very low. It is always connected in the series in the circuit. It’s symbol is C:\Users\user\Desktop\Electrical+Symbols+-+Meters (2).jpg

Voltmeter:

Voltmeter is an electrical instrument used to measure the potential difference across it. The resistance of the voltmeter is very high.  It is always connected in the parallel with the load resistance in the circuit. It’s symbol is C:\Users\user\Desktop\Electrical+Symbols+-+Meters (3).jpg

Shunt:

 It is a low value resistance which is connected in parallel with the galvanometer to convert the galvanometer into an ammeter.

Conversion of galvanometer into an ammeter:

Galvanometer is an electrical instrument which is used to detect the flow of current in the circuit. The resistance of the galvanometer is low.

Ammeter is an instrument used to measure the current passing through it. The resistance of the ammeter is very low. It is always connected in the series in the circuit.

Galvanometer is converted into an ammeter by using suitable shunt (a low value resistance) in parallel with it.  
C:\Users\user\Desktop\Long image 10-10-2020 16.56.23 (8).jpg

Fig: Conversion of galvanometer into an ammeter

Let us consider a galvanometer of resistance ‘G’ and shows full scale deflection when an amount of current Ig flows through it. We have to convert the galvanometer into an ammeter which can measure current upto ‘I’ ampere. For this, let us connect a shunt ‘S’ (a low value resistance) in parallel with the galvanometer.

The value of shunt is chosen in such a way that only a desirable amount of current Ig flows through the galvanometer and remaining current (I–Ig) flows through the shunt. 

Since, shunt and galvanometer are in parallel combination, 

$\therefore $ p.d. across shunt (S) = p.d. across galvanometer (G) 

Or, (I–Ig).S = IgG

Or, S = $\frac{I{}_{g}}{I-{{I}_{g}}}$.G

This is the required value of shunt to convert a galvanometer into an ammeter to measure current upto (I) ampere.

Now the resistance of ammeter is the equivalent resistance of parallel combination of shunt and galvanometer

So,

RA= $\frac{SG}{S+G}$

So, the resistance of ammeter (RA) is very small (even smaller than G & S). This is the necessary criterion to be an ammeter.

Conversion of galvanometer into voltmeter:

Galvanometer is an electrical instrument which is used to detect the flow of current in the circuit. The resistance of the galvanometer is low.

Voltmeter is an instrument used to measure the potential difference across it. The resistance of the voltmeter is very high. It is always connected in the parallel with the load resistance in the circuit. 

C:\Users\user\Desktop\Long image 10-10-2020 16.56.23 (9).jpg

Fig: Conversion of galvanometer into voltmeter

Let us consider a galvanometer of resistance ‘G’ and show full scale deflection when an amount of current Ig flows through it. We have to convert the galvanometer into voltmeter measure to measure potential difference upto V volt. For this, let us connect a high value resistance ‘R’ in series with a galvanometer. Since galvanometer and high value resistance(R) are in series combination, so total resistance becomes R+G

Now,

Potential (V) = Ig(R+G)

Or, $\frac{V}{{{I}_{g}}}$= R+G

Or, R = $\frac{V}{{{I}_{g}}}$– G

Where R is required value of high value resistance to convert a galvanometer into voltmeter to measure potential difference upto V volt.

The resistance of voltmeter Rv = G + R. 

As the value of R is high, so Rv is also high. This is the necessary criterion to be a voltmeter.

Heating effect of current:

When current flows through a conductor, heat develops in it. This effect of current is known as heating effect of current.

When current flows through a conductor, the free electrons of the conductor come in motion and collision takes place between them. Due to the collision moving electrons lose their kinetic energy and some part of their kinetic energy is converted into heat energy.

Joule’s law of heating:

Let us consider a conductor of resistance (R). Let an amount of current (I) is passed through the conductor for time ‘t’. According to Joule’s law of heating, the heat developed in the conductor is

(i) directly proportional to square of magnitude of current flowing through the conductor.

i.e. H $\propto $ I2 ………….(i)

(ii) directly proportional to resistance of conductor.

i.e. H $\propto $ R …………..(ii)

(iii) directly proportional to the time for which current is passed through the conductor.

i.e. H $\propto $ t …………..(iii)

On combining (i), (ii) and (iii) we get,

                H $\propto $ I2Rt

                or, H = k I2Rt

Where ‘k’ is proportionality constant and its value is 1 in S.I.

H = I2Rt

The above result also can be written as

H = $\frac{{{I}^{2}}Rt}{J}$, where ‘J’ is Joule’s equivalent and its value is 4.2 joules/calorie.

Derivation for the expression of heat developed in a wire.

Heating Effect Of Current

Let us consider a wire AB of resistance R in a circuit as shown in Fig. Let (I) be the steady current passing through it.

In time ‘t’ the  total charge ‘q’ passing through B to A is given by

I = $\frac{q}{t}$

or, q = I.t

Let the potential difference between A and B be (V). Then,

V = IR

The work done to transfer the charge (q) from B to A is given by,

W = qV

From equations (i), (ii) and (iii) we get,

W = I t. I R

Or,  W = I2 R t

It the wire is a passive resistor, all the electrical energy is converted into the heat energy, H.

So, W = H and we have,

H =  I2Rt Joule

This is the expression for heat developed in a wire of resistance R.

Electric power:

This is defined as the electrical energy per unit time.

 Mathematically,

Electric power, P = $\frac{H}{t}$ = $\frac{{{I}^{2}}Rt}{t}$

P = I2R ………(i)

P = I×IR

P = IV ………(ii)      Since, V = IR

P = $\frac{V}{R}$ × V       Since,  I = $\frac{V}{R}$

P = $\frac{{{V}^{2}}}{R}$ …………..(iii)

From (i), (ii) and (iii)

P = I2R = IV = $\frac{{{V}^{2}}}{R}$

One unit or 1 kilowatt-hour of electrical energy:

Electric power is defined as the electrical energy per unit time.

Electric power, P = $\frac{Electric\text{ }energy}{time}$

Electric energy = P×t

If P =1 KW and t = 1 hour

Then,

Electric energy = 1 KW × 1 hr

                       = 1 KWhr

                       = 1 unit

Electric energy consumed is said to be one unit if an electric device of 1KW power is used for 1 hour.

Electrical Circuit

Numerical Problems

Q.1. Using Kirchhoff’s rules in the circuit, find

Electrical Circuit Class 12 Physics | Notes

   (i) the current in resistor R

(ii)  the resistance R

(iii)  the unknown emf E

(iv)  if the circuit is broken is broken at P,

 what is the current in the resistance R?

Ans: 2 A , 5 $\Omega $, 42 V & 3.5 A

Q.2. What must be the emf E in the circuit so that the current following through the 7 $\Omega $ resistor is 1.80 A? Each emf source has negligible internal resistance.

Electrical Circuit Class 12 Physics | Notes

Ans: 8.6 V

Q.3 Using Kirchhoff’s law of current and voltage, find the current in 2 $\Omega $ resister in the given circuit. 

Electrical Circuit Class 12 Physics | Notes

Ans: 10 A

Q.4. A battery of 6 V and internal resistance 0.5$\Omega $ is joined in parallel with another of 10V and internal resistance 1$\Omega $ . The combination sends a current through an external resistance of 12$\Omega $. Find the current through each battery.

Ans: -2.27A, 2.86A Hence, 10V battery is in discharging mode.

Q.5 Find I1, I2 and I3 in the given figure.

Electrical Circuit Class 12 Physics | Notes

Ans: I1 = 3A, I2 = 2A & I3 = 3A

Q.6 In the circuit given in figure,

Electrical Circuit Class 12 Physics | Notes

Find

(a) the current in the 3 $\Omega $ resistor

(b) the unknown emf’s E1 and E2  

(c) the resistance R. 

Ans: 8A, 36V, –54V, 9 $\Omega $

Q.7 Find the value of I1  I2 and I3 in the circuit.

Electrical Circuit Class 12 Physics | Notes

 Ans: 0.75A, 0.25A & 0.5A

Q.8 An unknown resistance R1 is connected in series with resistance 10$\Omega $. The combination is connected to one of the gaps of a meter bridge, while another resistance Ris connected to next gap. The balanced point is obtained at 50cm. Now, when 10$\Omega $ resistance is removed, the balanced is 40cm. Find the value of R1.

Ans: 20$\Omega $

Q.9 Find the equivalent resistance between point A and B. 

Electrical Circuit Class 12 Physics | Notes

(a)           4$\Omega $                  (b)        8$\Omega $                  (c)        16$\Omega $                 (d)        20$\Omega $

Ans: (a) 4$\Omega $

Q.10. Find the equivalent resistance between point A and B.

Electrical Circuit Class 12 Physics | Notes

(a) 10$\Omega $               (b) 20$\Omega $            (c) 40$\Omega $           (d) 50$\Omega $

Q.11 Find the equivalent resistance between point A and B.

Electrical Circuit Class 12 Physics | Notes

Q.  12                     Find the equivalent resistance between point A and B.

Electrical Circuit Class 12 Physics | Notes

a. 4$\Omega $              b.         8$\Omega $                   c.         16$\Omega $                d.         15$\Omega $

Q. 13 Find the equivalent resistance between point A and B.

Electrical Circuit Class 12 Physics | Notes

Q.  14                     Find the equivalent resistance between point A and B.

Electrical Circuit Class 12 Physics | Notes

(a) 10$\Omega $            (b) 15$\Omega $           (c) 30$\Omega $            (d) 50$\Omega $

Type: 2 (Potentiometer)

Concept # 1, 2, &3

Q.15. A potentiometer is 10m long. It has a resistance of 20$\Omega $. It is connected in series with a battery of 3V and a resistance of 10$\Omega $. What is the potential gradient along with wire?

Ans: 0.2 Vm-1

Q.16. A simple potentiometer circuit is setup as shown in figure , using a uniform wire AB, 1.0 m long, which has a resistance of 2 $\Omega $. The resistance of the 4V battery is negligible. If the variable resistance R were given a value of 2.4 $\Omega $, What would be the length of AC for zero galvanometer deflection?

Electrical Circuit Class 12 Physics | Notes

Ans: 0.82m

Q.17. The driving cell of a potentiometer has an emf of 2V and negligible internal resistance. The potentiometer wire has a resistance of 3 $\Omega $. Calculate the resistance needed in the series with the wire of a p.d. of 1.5 mV is required across the whole wire.                  

Ans: 3997 $\Omega $

Q.18. The driving cell of a potentiometer has an emf of 2V and negligible internal resistance. The potentiometer wire has a resistance of 3 $\Omega $. Calculate the resistance needed in the series with the wire of a p.d. of 5.0 mV is required across the whole wire. The wire is 100 cm long and a balanced length of 60 cm is obtained for a thermocouple of emf E. What is the value of E?                     

Ans: 1197 $\Omega $, 3mV

Q.19.  The emf of a battery A is balanced by a length 75.0 cm on a potentiometer wire. The emf of a standard cell 1.02 volt is balanced by a length of 50.0 cm. What is the emf of A?

Ans: 1.53V

Q.20. The total length of the potentiometer wire is 10m. A potential gradient of 0.0015 V/cm is obtained when a steady current is passed through this wire. Calculate,

i. the distance of null point on connecting standard cell of 1.018 V.

ii. the unknown p.d. if the null point is obtained at a distance of 940 cm, and

iii.   the maximum p.d. which can be measured by this instrument.

Ans: 6.79m, 1.41V, 1.5V

Q.21. A standard cell of emf 1.08V is balanced by the p.d. across 91cm of a metre long wire supplied by a cell of emf 2V through a series resistor of resistance 2$\Omega $  and the internal resistance of the cell 2V cell is zero. Find the resistance per unit length of the potentiometer wire.

Ans: 3 $\Omega $/m

Q.22 A potentiometer is used to measure the internal resistance of the cell. When he cell in the secondary circuit is short circuited by 5$\Omega $ resister, the null point is at 220 cm. Again, when the cell is shunted by 20$\Omega $ resister, the null is at 300 cm. What is the internal resistance of the cell?

                                                                                                                                                                          Ans: 2.76$\Omega $

Type: 3

(Conversion of galvanometer into Ammeter & Voltmeter)

Q. 23.        The resistance of the coil of galvanometer is 9.36$\Omega $ and a current of 0.0224 A causes it to deflect full scale. The only shunt available has a resistance 0.025$\Omega $. What resistance must be connected in series with the coil to make it an ammeter of range 0 – 20 A?

`                                                                                                                                                  Ans: 12.94 $\Omega $

Q. 24.      A voltmeter coil has resistance 50 $\Omega $ and a resistor of 1.15 K$\Omega $ is connected in series. It can read potential differences upto 12 volts. If the same coil is used to construct an ammeter which can measure currents upto 2A, what should be the resistance of the shunt used?

Ans: 0.25$\Omega $

Q.25 A galvanometer of resistance 50Ω gives full scale deflection for a current of 2 mA. Calculate the shunt resistance needed to convert it into ammeter of range 0 – 5A.

Ans: 0.02 Ω

Q.26 How will you convert a 1.0 mA full scale deflection meter of resistance100Ω into an ammeter to read upto 1.0 A.

Ans: 0.1 Ω

Q.27 The resistance of a galvanometer 25Ω. It can carry a current of 0.5 mA. How can it be used to measure a current up to one ampere?

Ans: 1.25×10–2 Ω

 Q.28 A galvanometer has a resistance of 10Ω. It gives maximum deflection for a current of 50 ma. Find the shunt resistance to convert it into ammeter of range 2.5 A.

                                                                                                                                                               Ans: 0.2$\Omega $

Type: 4

Heating Effect of Current

Q.29.      Two lamps rated 25W – 220V and 100W – 220V are connected to 220V supply. Calculate the powers consumed by the lamps.

Ans: 16 W, 4 W

Q.30.  An electric heating element to dissipate 480 watts on 240V mains is to be made from nichrome wire of 1mm diameter. Calculate the length of the wire required if the resistivity of nichrome is 1.1×10–6 ohm-meter.

Ans: 85.68 m.

Q.31.  An electric heating element to dissipate 1.2 KW on 240V mains is to be made from Nichrome ribbon 1 mm wide and 0.05 mm thick. Calculate the length of the ribbon required if the resistivity of nichrome is 1.1×10–6 Ωm.

Ans: 2.182 m

Also Read: EMF of a Cell Class 12 Physics | Notes

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